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PC Card Slot Types

ISA

AGP

PCI

PCI-X

PCI-E (PCIexpress)

ISA

ISA, or Industry Standard

Architecture, is an 8bit or 16bit parallel bus system that allowed up 🌟 to 6 devices to

be connected to a PC. Virtually all IBM-compatible PCs made before the Pentium were

based on 🌟 the ISA (IBM's PC AT) bus. This asynchronous bus architecture uses 16-bit

addresses and an 8-MHz clock and handles a 🌟 maximum data throughput of 2 MB/s to 3

MB/s.

ISA is the precursor to PCI. Standing for "Industry Standard Architecture" It 🌟 was

common from the early 1980s to the mid 1990s. ISA was a typically inelegant solution

for the time, and 🌟 required one to know exactly what one was doing- PnP was rare, even

for so called "ISA PnP" peripherals. In 🌟 the end, the combination of flexibility, ease

of use, and greater capability allowed PCI to supersede ISA.

PCI

The PCI bus

architecture 🌟 is a processor-independent bus specification that allows peripherals to

access system memory directly without using the CPU. Not only does 🌟 this free up the CPU

to service other application calls, but PCI users also can simultaneously acquire data

to memory 🌟 and analyze existing data in real time, all while communicating with other

functions on the network.

More importantly, PCI peripherals running 🌟 asynchronously can

send data along the 32-bit bus at a rate of up to 132 MB/s or 66 MS/s.

AGP

The

Accelerates 🌟 Graphics Port is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video

card to a computer's motherboard. It was created in 🌟 1997 yet by 2004 was largely

replaced by PCI Express. The primary advantage of AGP over PCI is that it 🌟 provides a

dedicated pathway between the slot and the processor rather than sharing the PCI bus.

In addition to a 🌟 lack of contention for the bus, the point-to-point connection allows

for higher clock speeds. AGP also uses sideband addressing, meaning 🌟 that the address

and data buses are separated so the entire packet does not need to be read to get

🌟 addressing information. This is done by adding eight extra 8-bit buses which allow the

graphics controller to issue new AGP 🌟 requests and commands at the same time with other

AGP data flowing via the main 32 address/data (AD) lines. This 🌟 results in improved

overall AGP data throughput.

PCI-X

PCI-X stands for "PCI-eXtended". PCI-X is a computer

bus and expansion card standard that 🌟 enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher

bandwidth demanded by servers. It is a double-wide version of PCI, running 🌟 at up to

four times the clock speed, but is otherwise similar in electrical implementation and

uses the same protocol.[1] 🌟 It has itself been replaced in modern designs by the

similar-sounding PCI Express, which features a very different logical design, 🌟 most

notably being a "narrow but fast" serial connection instead of a "wide but slow"

parallel connection.

PCI-X revised the conventional 🌟 PCI standard by doubling the

maximum clock speed (from 66 MHz to 133 MHz)[1] and hence the amount of data 🌟 exchanged

between the computer processor and peripherals. Conventional PCI supports up to 64 bits

at 66 MHz (though anything above 🌟 32 bits at 33 MHz is only seen in high-end systems)

and additional bus standards move 32 bits at 66 🌟 MHz or 64 bits at 33 MHz. The

theoretical maximum amount of data exchanged between the processor and peripherals with

🌟 PCI-X is 1.06 GB/s, compared to 133 MB/s with standard PCI. PCI-X also improves the

fault tolerance of PCI allowing, 🌟 for example, faulty cards to be reinitialized or taken

offline.

PCI Express

PCIe, or Peripheral Component Interconnect Express, is a computer

expansion 🌟 card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP standards.

PCI Express is used in consumer, server, and 🌟 industrial applications, as a

motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals) and as an

expansion card interface for add-in boards. A 🌟 key difference between PCIe and earlier

buses is a topology based on point-to-point serial links, rather than a shared parallel

🌟 bus architecture.

Bandwidth

Below is a table showing the different buses/card slot

types and their maximum bandwidths:

PCI 132 MB/s AGP 8X 2,100 🌟 MB/s PCI Express 1x 250

[500]* MB/s PCI Express 2x 500 [1000]* MB/s PCI Express 4x 1000 [2000]* MB/s PCI

🌟 Express 8x 2000 [4000]* MB/s PCI Express 16x 4000 [8000]* MB/s PCI Express 32x 8000

[16000]* MB/s USB 2.0 (Max 🌟 Possible) 60 MB/s IDE (ATA100) 100 MB/s IDE (ATA133) 133

MB/s SATA 150 MB/s SATA II 300 MB/s Gigabit Ethernet 🌟 125 MB/s IEEE1394B [Firewire 800]

~100 MB/s*

* Note - Since PCI Express is a serial based technology, data can be 🌟 sent

over the bus in two directions at once. Normal PCI is Parallel, and as such all data

goes in 🌟 one direction around the loop.

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